Genetic Stratigraphy and Oil Recovery in an Upper Cretaceous ...Deltaic Reservoir, Big Wells (San Miguel) Field

RI0153. Genetic Stratigraphy and Oil Recovery in an Upper Cretace ous Wave-Dominated Deltaic Reservoir, Big Wells (San Miguel) Field, South Texas, by Noel Tyler, J. C. Gholston, and W. A. Ambrose. 38 p., 33 figs., 1 table, 1986. ISSN: 0082335X: Print.


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ABSTRACT
The Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir in Dimmit and Zavala Counties, South Texas, produces from a broadly lenticular, wave-dominated deltaic sandstone encased in prodelta and shelf mudstones. An updip porosity pinch-out coincides with a gentle undulation on a uniformly gulfward-dipping monocline and forms a structurally modified stratigraphic trap. The reservoir is relatively tight and has average porosity of 21 percent and average permeability of 6 md; wells require fracturing to stimulate production. Ultimate recovery is projected to be 57 million barrels, or 29 percent of the 198-million-barrel field.

The reservoir is subdivided into an upper nonproductive, transgressive shelf sandstone and a lower productive, intensely bioturbated, deltaic sandstone. The tight upper sandstone seals the reservoir, which consists of four major internal facies elements. A dip-oriented distributary system carried sediment into the basin, where it was transported along strike (dominantly to the southwest) by longshore drift. Here wave action reworked the sands into a beach-ridge plain. The resultant distributary/beach-ridge plain complex exhibits an asymmetric cuspate geometry elongated to the southwest. Landward of the delta system lay a muddy coastal plain. Prodelta and lower shoreface silts and shelf muds were deposited seaward of the deltaic/shorezone system.

Biogenic activity destroyed most of the primary bedding structures. However, three associations of trace fossils together with subtle variation in lithology allow inference of depositional setting. The Zoophycos ichnofacies, a homogenized sandy and silty mudstone, grades upward into churned sandy siltstone of the Cruziana ichnofacies. Distinctive vertical Skolithos burrows in fine-grained sandstone characterize the Skolithos ichnofacies, which rests on the Cruziana ichnofacies and is transitional upward with the sole lithofacies, the weakly bioturbated, bedded sandstone facies. This vertical progression in ichnofacies represents a shoaling cycle from shelf through lower shoreface, upper shoreface, to foreshore environments. More important is the lateral distribution of ichnofacies, particularly in the oil column. Sand-rich foreshore deposits (composed of sparsely bioturbated, bedded sandstone) and the Skolithos ichnofacies are dominant in the southern half of the field; finer grained, less mature sediment of the Cruziana and Zoophycos ichnofacies characterize the northern half of the field.

The northward transition from thicker and cleaner beach-ridge plain sandstones to argillaceous sandstones within and adjacent to the distributary system strongly affects oil recovery from the field. Critical parameters, reservoir permeability and induced-fracture half-lengths (calculated from pressure transient analysis), decrease dramatically to the north. Consequently, well performance peaks in the beach-plain sediments and decreases northward and updip and downdip into adjacent muddier sediments. Recovery efficiencies of the original oil in place average 50 percent in the southern half of the pool and drop to 20 to 30 percent in the north. However, recovery of movable oil is highly efficient. About 88 percent of the nonresidual oil in the pool will be produced. Wave dominated deltaic reservoirs are characterized by minimal well-to-well variability, excellent internal continuity, and consequently, maximum efficiency of mobile-oil recovery.

Keywords: Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir, Dimmit County, oil and gas production, South Texas, Upper Cretaceous, wave-dominated deltaic sandstone, Zavala County





CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GEOLOGIC SETTING OF THE SAN MIGUEL FORMATION

Structural framework

WAVE-DOMINATED DELTA SYSTEMS

BIG WELLS (SAN MIGUEL) FIELD

Well-stimulation practice

Development and production history

Petrophysical characteristics

BIG WELLS RESERVOIR GEOLOGY

Structure

Genetic reservoir stratigraphy

Transgressive upper unit

Thickness trends

Sedimentary facies

Interpretation

Big Wells deltaic sandstone

Thickness trends

Sedimentary facies

Zoophycos ichnofacies

Cruziana ichnofacies

Skolithos ichnofacies

Weakly bioturbated, bedded sandstone facies

Interpretation

Facies architecture

Depositional model

BIG WELLS ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS

Oil distribution

Reservoir continuity

Critical reservoir parameters

Reservoir permeability

Fracture half-lengths

Oil production

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

FIGURES

1. Structural setting of the Maverick Basin

2. Simplified Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy in the Maverick Basin

3. Distribution of deltaic sandstones in the San Miguel Formation

4. Structure map of the northern Maverick Basin and location of the Big Wells field

5. Process classification of San Miguel delta systems

6. The spectrum of wave-dominated to wave-modified delta types in the San Miguel Formation

7. Oil field discovery history of South Texas

8. Map showing the Big Wells (San Miguel) unit area, discovery wells, and well utilization histories

9. Development and production history of the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

10. Spontaneous potential structure section showing the updip and downdip pinch-out of reservoir-quality sandstones

11. Spontaneous potential structure section and calculated water saturations across the reservoir

12. Calculated water saturations

13. Structure map of the Big Wells field area contoured on the top of the San Miguel reservoir sandstone

14. Genetic subdivisions in the Big Wells reservoir

15. lsopach map showing total thickness (sandstone and mudstone) of the Big Wells (San Miguel) transgressive upper unit

16. Net-sandstone map of the Big Wells transgressive upper unit

17. lsopach map (sandstone and mudstone) of the Big Wells (San Miguel) deltaic system

18. Net-sandstone distribution in Big Wells (San Miguel) deltaic system

19. Percent-sandstone map of the uppermost lower sandstone stringer

20. Description and interpretation of a typical Big Wells core

21. Intensely bioturbated mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone of the Zoophycos ichnofacies

22. Cruziana ichnofacies

23. Skolithos ichnofacies "pipe rock"

24. Weakly bioturbated, bedded sandstone lithofacies

25. Core cross section showing the vertical and lateral extent of ichnofacies and sandstone stringers

26. Depositional model of the Big Wells sandstone based largely on the architecture of lower progradational stringer

27. Oil volumetrics of Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

28. lsoresistivity maps of lower stringers 1 and 2 of the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

29. Spontaneous potential and resistivity dip section of the southern half of the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

30. Spontaneous potential and resistivity dip section in the center of the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

31. Resistivity strike section of Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

32. Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir-wide variation in permeability to oil and induced-fracture half-lengths

33. Oil production from the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir

TABLE

1. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Big Wells (San Miguel) reservoir



Citation
Tyler, Noel, Gholston, J. C., and Ambrose, W. A., 1986, Genetic Stratigraphy and Oil Recovery in an Upper Cretaceous Wave-Dominated Deltaic Reservoir, Big Wells (San Miguel) Field, South Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations No. 153, 38 p.