Facies architecture, structure, and diagenesis control reservoir geometry and distribution of remaining oil in shoreface, fluvial, and deltaic reservoirs of Miocene age in the 18-mi2 (46.7-km2) Mioceno Norte Area in northern Lake Maracaibo.

A fundamental thesis of seismic stratigraphy is that seismic reflections follow impedance contrasts that coincide with stratal surfaces, which are surfaces where depositional processes occur at a fixed moment in geologic time.

The Bofecillos Mountains and Big Bend Ranch State Park contain a complex sequence of volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive rocks that erupted from sources both within and outside the area.